Thursday 31 January 2019

LFTVD Representations

Constructed Realism: You decide when to shoot, when to edit- the idea that all the media products and what we see in them is made or built using technical codes and media language such as camerawork, editing.

Dominant Ideology: Everything is ran by middle-class, christian, white men. In our society, the dominant group shapes the dominant values.

Representation in Media:

  • All media products are 'constructed'.
  • Producers use different elements/conventions of media language to construct these representations.
  • Producers of different long form TV dramas may use different elements of media language to:
  1. Offer different representations
  2. Constructed media representations ensure that the meaning 'encoded' in media products can be quickly read and understood by the audience. 

Theorists of LFTVD

Todorov: Equilibrium Theory (Language)

Traditional narratives follow a 3 point structure (Beginning, Middle, End), which unfolds in 4 phases:
  1. Exposition
  2. Introduction to conflict 
  3. Climax
  4. Resolution 
Strauss- Binary Opposition
  • Strauss identified that we understand the world by the relationship that two opposites have together.
  • He believed that narratives are arranged around the conflict of binary oppositions.
  • Some of these oppositions could include:
  1. Men vs Women
  2. Good vs Bad
  3. Day vs Night
  4. Old vs New
  5. Right vs Wrong

Introduction to Narrative

What is narrative?


  • The structure or chain of events in which a story is told.
  • The narrative structure is carefully considered when writing the screenplay for a drama.
  • It is usually achieved through the editing of different shots together.
Why is narrative important?

  • The narrative structure chosen directly affects how the audience experiences the story.
  • The way a 'story' is told can provide certain messages and values about who we see and what is being said about the character, group of people or events represented in the drama.
  • The narrative structure can affect the audience involvement with an enjoyment of a drama.
  • The narrative structure used in the long form TV drama is considered to be complex.
Narrative Structure Types

Linear Narrative:
  • Has a clear beginning, middle and end.
  • They follow a chronological timeframe.
  • Action A leads to Action B leads to Action C etc.
Fragmented Narrative:
  • Fragmented narratives are also called non-linear, disrupted or disjointed narratives.
  • They do not have a clear beginning, middle, end.
  • Events or actions  may be shown out of chronological order and not in order they would naturally occur in, so C might happen before A for example.
  • It is a narrative technique that can help to show parallel stories, a story within a story, dreams and so on within the same episode or series.
Narrative Types 

Restricted Narrative:
  • We experience the story through the senses and thoughts of just one character.
  • There is almost always a main character
  • The narrative cannot tell the audience things that the main character does not know, we find things out in the story at the same time as the character.
Omnipresent Narrative:
  • Not just one characters point of view.
  • Provides the point of view of many characters and their experience and feelings within the story, from a number of contexts.
  • Used for telling stories in which the context, views and feelings
Narrative Endings

Closed Endings:
  • TV dramas traditionally feature one characters story or point of view in an episode, which comes to a resolution at the end of an episode.
  • The characters story can exist as one unique story in one episode.
Open endings:
  • When an episode, or season, ends on a cliff-hanger.
  • A story telling technique
  • In films, open endings can be unsatisfying for audiences.
  • In long form TV drama, open endings indicate there will be a contradiction of the 'story', or possibly a resolution, in the next episode.

Stranger things poster analysis


Stranger Things representation scene by scene

LFTVD- Long Form Television Drama


Exam Information

Section B: Television Drama
  • 45 minute essay- 30 marks
  • 15 minute essay -15 marks
What does a TV drama need to have? 

  • Various Locations
  • Stock Characters
  • Multiple Narratives
  • 1hr Episodes
  • Dramatic Cliff Hangers 
  • High Production Values
What does Long Form TV Drama mean?
  • A TV drama that has a number of episodes that helps create a narrative and tell a story to an audience.

Network Television: (E.g. NBC, CBS)
  • US network broadcasters must satisfy their advertisers and hold market share. They are also controlled by federal regulation.
  • The impact of this on content is a reliance on highly formalised genre conventions and normative values which meet mainstream audience expectations but generate conservative drama.
Cable Television:
  • Launched in the 1970's, HBO was the first US national subscription cable TV channel.
  • Other major US players include FX, Showtime & AMC. Many are subsidiaries of media conglomerates (HBO/Warner, FX/Fox)
  • These subscription based cable channels can take more risks with content and form.
  • By early 2000's, The Sopranos and The Wire won awards, audiences and created 'water cooler' TV.
UK TV Drama:
  • UK broadcasters have failed to meet the challenge of the US cable channels move to long form with their risk- taking content and style.
  • BBC and ITV 90's > relied on genre-based, formula drama.
  • Sky co-opted success of US long form with Sky Atlantic.
  • Commissioning remains tightly controlled with a conservative outlook.
Subscription VOD: (Viewing On Demand)
  • Content viewing via a TV still dominates in the UK. 
  • 3/4 UK households have PVR (Personal Video Recording) uptake but it has plateaued.
  • Use of timeshift is increasing
  • Growth of SVOD (Streaming video on demand). Web based channels such as Netflix, Amazon Prime and Now TV is considerable.
  • Netflix dominates with 24% of UK market & 5 million subscribers. 10% growth 2015-16
Audiences 

  • Rise in binge watching started with DVD in the late 90s/early c21. Partially due to syndication problems in the UK.
  • A move to 'Water Cooler' to 'Shared Universe' fandom (as with cinema)
  • US long form drama often uses easter eggs, and mid season breaks to generate fan intensity and maintain a media profile.

Stranger Things- Representation Essay


How are different social groups represented in the sequence you have analysed? What role does the use of media language, signs and signifiers have in constructing and presenting these representations as real?

There are many social groups represented in Stranger things, one prominent one is teenagers. The group of boys (Mike, Will, Dustin and Lucas) are represented as the stereotypical geeky boys. They love to play their make-believe board game Dungeons and Dragons. This is stereotypical of young children to play with toys and board games that were typical in the 1980s. As they are represented as nerds, then we expect them to be playing these games rather than doing sports, playing outside etc. Mike said to his mum that they had spent 10 hours playing the game straight in the basement of mikes house, which gives them the representation of nerdy/geeky. There is also the representation of the older teen. The Byers family clearly are not well off in terms of money, so Jonathan, the older brother, has to act as the mother when Joyce is out working. This is challenging the stereotype of old teenagers as lazy as he has to help out with the family. He has to cook breakfast, get Will up and ready for school and has to have a job to help with the family finances.

Another social group in Stranger Things is Mothers, especially Joyce Byers. Will’s mum is a very prominent character in the first episode as we see her look for will and how she is coping with him going missing. Joyce is a single mum who has to look after her two sons with no help. We can see she is struggling to cope and everything is quite frantic in the Byers household. She is struggling to get everything organised and maintain a structured family unit. Though we can see how caring she is and how much she loves her son. She reacts in a very distressed way when finding out Will is missing, a reaction we would expect from any mother if their son went missing. We can see by her facial expressions and general worried demeanour, that she is desperate to find her son and would do anything to find him. This is again shown in the scene with Hopper, the zoomed in shot of the type writer with the word ‘MISSING’ in the foreground suggests this is very serious and this increases the intense atmosphere. We can see the mum is clearly stressed and nervous as she is very fidgety while smoking, a way for her to calm down.

Another social group represented in this episode is the police, especially the sheriff. The sheriff is Hopper, who is represented as the stereotypical lazy American policeman. We see this in the first time we see him, the lengthy shots which pan across his home show a messy house, with fags and drink everywhere. It shows that he is clearly struggling, but he does not want to show his feelings and get help, which is something that is believed to be true in the media as men are not expressive like that. This is again shown in the scene of him in his office with Joyce. There are messy papers everywhere and he doesn’t look ready to hear what Joyce has to say.

Friday 18 January 2019

Stranger Things Representations

Representations

  • It goes 'beyond the binary'
  • Characters move beyond simply good or bad
  • ST- Steve Harrington and Hopper are examples of more complex characters
  • Novelistic- multiple story lines and characters that arc (stretch) over a number of episodes and seasons
  • We may see flashbacks that explain their background
  • Systematic change- isn't just focused on one individual
  • 'Communities facing challenges and dealing them by embracing or rejecting their own diversity' -Jeff Gomez
6 Representation Genres
  • Teenagers
  • Family life and relationships
  • Mothers
  • Absent Fathers
  • Police 
  • Government 

Wednesday 16 January 2019

Tv Drama Introduction Notes

Why do audiences love Long Form Television Drama?

  • High quality drama
  • Multiple episodes, hours, years
  • Content can be dark and difficult but innovative
  • It now attracts some of the best and innovative writers and actors
  • Time shifting, easily accessible
  • Keeps people invested 
  • A lot of creativity 
  • Characters change in a way that's surprising but natural.
  • Millions of networks competing 
  • Cater to more specific tastes in daring ways
  • Allows shows to play with characters and themes in different ways
Long form shows challenged the simplistic story lines and stereotypical characters that dominate network TV in US.

HBO (Time Warner) launched the Sopranos in 1999, which was a huge commercial and critical hit. Increasingly, these shows were about the crisis of US identity and hegemony.

What does Long Form Television Drama mean?
A TV drama that has a number of episodes that helps create a narrative and tell a story to an audience.